For a better life, human society is becoming keener and keener about technology and industries. Technology and industry are making life easier and convenient for humans but are contributing to the pollution of the environment. Pollution is defined as any undesirable change within the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of air, water, and land that will harmfully affect living organisms and natural resources.


1. Air pollution:

      Air pollution is one of the main environmental problems today. it's defined because of the change of composition of air by the increase of harmful substances (e.g. industrial and automobile gases and particulate matter). All sources of pollution are associated with human activities. The burning of coal produces lots of smoke and dirt whereas the burning of petroleum produces dioxide. Besides those, air pollutants include monoxide, dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, material, and traces of metals. Different industries produce pollution in. the following way.

     Fertilizer industries release oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, material, and fluorine. Thermal industries are coal-based and their pollutants are ash, soot, and pollutant. Textile industries release cotton dust, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, smoke, and gas. Steel industries release carbon monoxide gas, greenhouse gas, dioxide, phenol, fluorine, cyanide, particulate matter, etc.


Effects of pollution:

       We have studied that warming is one of all the results of pollution. Other effects of air pollution is as follows.


Smog formation:

      When pollutants like hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides combine within the presence of sunlight, smog is formed. This is often a combination of gases. It forms a caramel brown haze, especially during winter and. hampers visibility. It also causes many respiratory disorders and allergies because it contains polluting gases.


Acid rains:

      Air pollutants like gas and nitrogen oxides react with water within the atmosphere producing acid rains. 


Ozone depletion: 

       The upper layer (stratosphere) of the standard atmosphere has ozone (O3) which Absorbs ultraviolet (UV) rays present within the sun’s radiation. However, the air pollutants like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy the ozone molecules so break the ozonosphere. Ozone Holes are created which enable UV rays to achieve the Earth’s surface. The UV (Ultraviolet) rays increase the temperature and also cause skin cancers.


Control air of pollution:

      For effective control of pollution, it's important to make the public aware of the ill effects of pollution. Air pollution will be controlled in the subsequent ways: 

Afforestation: It means the establishment of the latest forests by planting in non-forest areas. Forests are effective. Means managing pollution because plants can filter and absorb air pollutants.

Modification of commercial effluents: The air pollutants coming from industries should be more responsible for filters and other devices, in order that the stuff is Wiped out before the waste gases are released out. The smoke-producing units should have long chimneys to require the polluting gases far above and so disperse over a bigger area. Industries should also invest. solar cookers or for producing biogas.

Environment-friendly fuels: Lead-free fuels should be utilized in automobiles. Similarly, sulfur-free fuel should be employed in the coal-based industry to scale back pollution by dioxide.


2. Water pollution:

       It is the change within the composition of water by the addition of harmful substances. pollution severely affects the health of individuals. Sewage is one of the main pollutants in the water. It contains. organic matter and therefore the excreta of humans and other animals. Organic matter encourages expansion. Of microorganisms that spread diseases. The industrial waste (acids, alkalis, dyes, and other chemicals) is disposed of in nearby water bodies. These wastes change the pH (potential of hydrogen)  of water and are. harmful or perhaps fatal to aquatic organisms. Certain industries release plenty of quandaries from their cooling plants. It ends up in the heating of water bodies and kills aquatic life. Fertilizers and pesticides Enter into water bodies with the rainwater flow, and therefore the spring water by seepage. These chemicals remain in the water for a protracted time and may enter food chains. They cause a variety of diseases in. animals. Oil tankers and offshore petroleum refineries cause oil outflow into water.

      On, water surface oil floats and prevents atmospheric oxygen from mixing in water. So, aquatic animals begin to die because of oxygen shortage.

      Some heavy metals e.g. lead, quicksilver, arsenic, and cadmium also make the water polluted. Such metals are present within the water, released from industrial and concrete areas.

      We give if water with such heavy metals to plants; the metals enter the vegetables that grow on these plants. Such contaminated vegetables are harmful to human health. Heavy metals reduce. growth and development, and cause cancer and system damage. Mercury and lead can cause joint diseases like arthritis, and diseases of kidneys, vascular system, and nervous system.


Effects of pollution:  

     The following are major effects of pollution.

Eutrophication: Enrichment of H2o with inorganic nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) Is called eutrophication. The sewage and fertilizers contain a significant amount of inorganic material (nutrients). When sewage and fertilizers reach water (H2O) bodies, the minerals present in them promote algal blooms (excessive growth) there. Rich algal growth results in an increase in the number of decomposers. Decomposers use the oxygen present in water (H2O) and it ends up in the depletion of oxygen. Algal bloom also reduces the sunshine reaching the lower layers of water.

Food chain contamination: The non-biodegradable water waste material may stay in water for a long time. From the water, they enter small organisms, which are fed upon by fish. The fish successively are. fed upon by land animals, including humans.

Epidemics: Organic pollutants in water facilitate the expansion of germs. Such polluted water causes. epidemics like cholera, gastroenteritis, etc.

 

Control of pollution:

      The public should be made aware of the risks of pollution. Before releasing the sewage into water bodies must be purified through sewage treatment techniques. Industrial wastes should also be treated before they're released into water bodies.


3. Land Pollution:

      Land (soil) is a vital resource because it is that the basis for the expansion of producers. In recent times, the soil has been subjected to pollution.

     The pesticides utilized in agriculture have chemicals that stay in the soil for a long time. The acid rains change the pH of the soil, making it unsuitable for cultivation. The household and other city garbage lie scattered in soil within the absence of a correct disposal system. Materials like polythene block the passage of water into the soil, then decrease the water holding capacity of the soil.

Many industries produce harmful chemical wastes which are disposed of without being treated. Improper disposal of nuclear wastes also causes radioactive substances to stay in the soil for a protracted time. Open latrines in villages and a few parts of cities also are the source of land pollution.


Control of Land Pollution:

      There should be the proper and safe disposal of wastes including nuclear wastes. Nonbiodegradable materials like plastic, glass, metals, etc. should be recovered and recycled. Organic pesticides should replace inorganic pesticides.